Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy. Indian agriculture has a long, old and forgotten history that began during the period of Indus valley civilization
Indian agriculture began by 9000 BCE as a result of early cultivation of Domestication of crops and animals as well as plants A more settled life soon followed.
Agriculture progresses as a result of new implements and techniques. Double The monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year. Indian products soon
reached the world via existing trading networks and foreign crops. introduced to India. Plants and animals are considered essential for their survival.
They were worshipped and venerated by the Indians.
The Middle Ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication. in India, and Indian crops have an impact on the economies of other parts of the world. world under Islamic patronage. Land and water management systems were developed with the aim of providing uniform growth. Despite some stagnation during the later modern era, the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agriculture program.
Agriculture system in Indus Valley civilization
The method of agriculture practiced by people of the Indus Valley civilization was rainwater collection.The main basis for the valley’s economy was mixed. farming. Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around 4500BC. The result of innovation in irrigation is the size and prosperity of the
Indus civilization was growing, and an early canal irrigation system was introduced in 2600BC.
Ancient Indian Agriculture in the Vedic Period
Cultivation of a wide range of cereals, vegetables, and fruits was common. and animal husbandry was an important means of livelihood for the Vedic people. livelihood. In the Vedic period, people believed that those farmers who were near to nature, they must be exceptionally close to God, and the practice of The preparation of manure from cow dung for irrigation was common during this period.
Ancient Indian Agriculture in the Mauryan Empire
During 322-185 BCE, the Mauryan Empire categorized soils and made methodological observations for agricultural use and dam construction and provision of horse-drawn chariots, which were quicker than traditional bullock carts. The Greek diplomat Megatheres gave a eyewitness account of Indian Agriculture in his book “Indika” at that time. He writes, “India has many huge mountains which abound in fruit-trees of every kind, and many vast plains of great fertility. The greater part of the soil is under irrigation and consequently, bears two crops in the course of the year. In addition to cereals, there grows millets and different sorts of pulse and rice throughout India. Since there are two monsoons in the course of each year the inhabitants gather in two harvests annually.”
Ancient Indian Agriculture in the Chola Period
The agrarian society in South India during the Chola Empire between 875 and 1279) demonstrates that collective land holdings gradually gave way to individuals.
During the Chola rule, each plot had its own irrigation system.The cholas also had bureaucrats that oversaw the distribution of water, particularly
Water distribution to driver areas via tank and channel networks. The growth of individual dispositions toward farming may have led to a decrease in areas of dry cultivation.
Indian Agriculture System during the British Period
The British rule was divided into two parts: the East India Company and the Raj. company from 1757 to 1858, and second, the rule of the British From 1858 to 1947, the government of India tracked the annual growth rate of all crops. output was 0.4 percent, and food grain output was practically stagnant. The introduction of the new land revenue system, as well as the process of British conquest, contributed to the disintegration of the village community party.
commercialization of agriculture. During this period, the majority of the majority of the population lived in small villages and worked primarily in agriculture.
occupation. Each village formed a township and was a unit of local government.
Indian Agriculture System after Independence
India’s agriculture growth in the twentieth century has been low compared to that in other developing countries. On the eve of independence, India had to
Faced with the serious problem of food scarcity, the partition had imposed severe restrictions. Below is a link to the food grain production.Food grains had to be imported from outside, as agricultural production did not suffice with the minimum requirements of the population. Therefore, agriculture development was
given top priority to attaining self-sufficiency in food grains so as to feed the teeming millions. The Green Revolution in India was the outcome of the systematic
application of improved agricultural technology for crop production. This led to the adoption of modern methods and technology such as HYV seeds, irrigation facilities, pesticides, agrochemicals, and chemical fertilizers.
Indian Agriculture during plan period.
The First Plan (1951–56)
Following independence, the country faced two major challenges: a food crisis and terrorism. shortage of industrial raw materials, the main objective of this plan is to improve infrastructure facilities and increase the supply of food grains and do commercial cropping, but the maximum priority given to agriculture is secto A new land policy was adopted by the government to eliminate exploitation and extending the security of tenure, and the target for food grain Production was increased, and the target of 62 million tonnes of production was set.by the government, but the actual production of food grain was nearly 66 million tones.
The Second Plan (1956–61)
The government adopted the strategy of developing heavy industries and consideration that heavy industry was the leading sector of the economic development; consequently, the outlay on agriculture was reduced due to the adoption of a wrong strategy, miscalculation, and poor implementation of the agricultural performance of the majority of the programmers was quite good. cheerless.
The Third Plan (1961–1966)
The planners realised the strategy of development adopted during the second the government issued a great plan during the third plan, which was incorrect.
allowance for agriculture, which was Rs 1745 crore. The main objective of the plans is to achieve self-sufficiency in food. grains and increased agricultural production to meet raw material demand materials for industries and for exports.
The fourth plan was delayed by three years because a new strategy of When agriculture development was adopted (1966–67), most of the programmers
which were adopted under the new strategy were continued on the fourth plan, the Production of food grains reached an all-time high of 108 million tonnes in year 1970-71. Although poor monsoons damage the crops, the next two years which creates the problem of inflation in the country.
The Fifth Plan (1974–79)
Again, emphasis was placed on agriculture in the Fifth Plan, with the allocation of minor irrigation, high-yielding varieties of seed, and distribution of Fertilizers were made to increase the production of food grains. The The performance of agriculture was not satisfactory in the first year of the fifth plan. due to a fall in production, but in the second year, output reached a new record.
The Sixth Plan (1980–85)
The agriculture growth during the sixth plan period took into account the agriculture commodities are needed both now and in the future. For domestic consumption and export, the highest priority was assigned to bridging the gap between actual and potential farm yield.
The Seventh Plan (1985–90)
Total outlay on agriculture, irrigation, and rural development was Rs. 48100. crore, and during the seventh plan, the area under irrigation was proposed to be increased at the rate of 2.5 million hectares per year. Eastern region special rice production programs, national oilseeds development projects, and the National Watershed Development Program for Rain-fed agriculture programmes are being introduced by the government.
The Eight Plan (1992–97)
The eighth plan gave priority to the “ggrowth and diversification of agriculture.” “To achieve self-sufficiency in food and generate a surplus for exports.” The
Major effort was given during the eight-plan period to increase the output of Rice, pulses, and oilseeds
The Ninth Plan (1997-2002)
The Planning Commission had focused on the agriculture sector instead of industry in the ninth plan for the first time since the 1960s, but actual production
of food grains fell far short of the targeted production, which was 212 million. tones. Despite the food crisis, it did not emerge because of the huge buffer stock of
food grains in the country.
The Tenth Plan (2002-07)
Agriculture did not receive high priority in the tenth plan; it aimed at pushing up the growth rate of agriculture and allocating Rs. 305055 crore for agriculture and irrigation. Economic Survey,2006-07says, “The structural weaknesses of the agriculture sector are reflected in the low level of public investment, exhaustion of the yield potential of new high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, unbalanced fertiliser use, low seeds replacement rate, an inadequate incentive system, and post-harvest value The lacklustre growth during the new year reflected this. millennium.”
The Eleventh Plan (2007–12)
In contrast to the poor performance of Indian agriculture during the tenth plan, the eleventh plan had emphasized on agriculture and rural development. During the eleventh plan, agriculture sector in India grew at the rate of 3.3 percent per annum, the aims to achieve improved quality of life for the people of the country. This will require faster and more equitable social and economic development of the state. National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Sampoorna Grameen
Raojgar Yojana, Integrated Wasteland Development Programme ,and Dought Prone Area Programme were deployed to conserve water and enhance the irrigation potential.
Present Scenario of Indian Agriculture
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, and it is the most important occupation and the primary source of livelihood, 70 percent of its rural households still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood. India is the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and groundnuts. The Indian economy has diversified and grown; agriculture’s contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011. In the Regarding development countries, agriculture contributes largely 28 percent of national income came from this sector, and its shares have been rising. from 17.8 percent for the fiscal year (2019-20) to 19.9 percent in the fiscal year (2020-21).
The Indian food processing industry accounts for 32 percent, and one of the The largest industries in India rank fifth in terms of production. consumption, exports, and expected growth. The Economic Survey of India The 2020-21 report stated that the total food grain production in the country was 296.65 million tones. India is the 15th leading exporter of agriculture. products in the world.
The Indian food industry is increasing its contribution to global food production. trade every year due to its potential for value addition, particularly with the food processing industry, the Indian food grocery market is the world’s sixth largest, contributing 70 percent of the sales. It contributes around $8.80. and 8.39 percent of gross value added (GVA) in manufacturing and agriculture, respectively, account for around 13 percent of India’s exports and 6 percent of total industrial investment.
Role of agriculture in the Indian economy
Agriculture is the most important constituent of the primary sector. Agriculture development helps other sectors grow and provides employment in rural areas in developing countries.
contribution to national income
Agriculture plays an important role in developing countries. very large share of the national income of the country, it Contribution increased by approximately 19.9% in 2020-21, compared to 17.8% in 2019-20.
source of livelihood
Over two-thirds of the working population are engaged in agriculture. and at present, about 66 percent of our population is engaged in agriculture activities.
Agriculture’s Role in Industrial Development
Agricultural products are the major source of raw industries of our country contribute about 50 percent of our income. generated in the manufacturing sector comes from all the agro-based industries in India.
Commercial Importance
Agriculture products like tea, coffee, sugar, apples, and cashew nuts and other products are exported, which is about 50 percent of total output exports. Jute, cotton textiles, and sugar also contribute to other Agriculture accounts for 20% of the country’s total exports. country to earn foreign exchange.
Source of Government
It is one of the major sources of revenue for the state and central governments of the country, as well as other sectors such as railways and roads are also deriving a good part of their income from the movement of agricultural goods.
Government Schemes for Farmers
Pardhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi
Pardhan Mantri Kishan Samman Yojan was launched on February 1, 2019, with the initiative by the government of India in which all farmers will get up to Rs. 6,000 per year as minimum income support. The initiative was announced by Piyush Goyal in the 2019 interim Union Budget for India on January
feb 2019.
Yojana Pardhan Mantri Sharm Yogi Maandhan
The Ministry of Health has launched the Pardhan Mantri Sharm Yogi Maandhan Yojana. Labor and Employment on February 1, 2019 is a center-government sponsored event. scheme meant for old-age protection, poor laborers, and social security of unorganised workers. Unorganized workers must be between the ages of 18 and 25 to register. for 40 years, monthly income of up to Rs 15,000, guaranteed monthly pension of Rs. 3000, a matching contribution by the government of India.
Fasal Bima Yojana of the Government of India
Pardhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana was launched on February 18, 2016 by the According to the Prime Minister of India, it is an insurance service for farmers’ yields. It was formulated in line with the “One Nation, One Scheme” theme by the replacing the previous two schemes National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS) and Modified National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) in cooperating with their best features and removing their inherent shortcomings). Its aims are to reduce the premium burden on farmers and ensure
early settlement of a crop insurance claim for the full insured sum.
Kishan Credit Card Program
The Kishan Credit Card Scheme was launched by the government in August 1998. Indian public sector banks This model scheme was prepared by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development on the recommendations of the R.V. Gupta Committee to provide advance funding for agriculture needs. The purpose of this scheme is to meet comprehensive credit requirement of the agriculture sector by giving financial support to farmers.
Pashu Kisan Credit Card
The central government of India launched the “Pashu Kishan Credit Card.” for the benefit of all animal husbandry farmers. This card will increase the animal husbandry business in the country and help the farmers earn more. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has decided to extend the services of the Pashu Kisan Credit is used to meet the working capital needs of a variety of activities. that are related to animal husbandry and fisheries.
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana was launched in 2015 and is an developed a component of the major project’s soil health management (SHM). National Mission of Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) under Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana for Organic Villages by Cluster Approach and PGS certification.
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana, launched in January 2006, is a national mission to improve farm productivity and ensure better utilisation. of the resources in the country. The budget of Rs. 53 billion for the time span of one year, 2015-16, has been allocated to this scheme by the government of India.
National Agriculture Market, or E-NAM
The National Agriculture Market, or E-NAM, was launched on April 14, 2016. Prime Minister, it is an online trading platform for agricultural commodities. in India. The market facilitates farmers, traders, and buyers with online trading in commodities. The market helps with better price discovery and providing facilities for producers’ smooth marketing
The Rainfed Area Development Programme
To ensure agriculture growth in the rain-fed areas, the Department of Farmers’ Welfare and Agriculture Cooperation have launched the “Rainfed” campaign. Area Development Programme (RADP)” in the year 2011–12 as a subscheme under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY). The objective of this The scheme’s goal is to improve farmers’ quality of life by providing a proper package of activities to maximise farm returns. The RADP scheme focuses on Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) for enhancing productivity and minimising risks associated with climatic variability
Role of agriculture in rural development
Agriculture is the heart of rural livelihood; it is a function that plays a role in To alleviate poverty and raise the living standards of the working and middle classes, people and to the growth of rural areas because most of the poor live in rural area, which has agriculture as the only source of living. The majority of the The rural poor depend on rain-fed agriculture and forests for their livelihood. India is an agricultural economy, and the agriculture sector still has a lot of bearings on the country’s overall growth and development particular rural development, it is the demographically broadest economic segment and plays a major position in the overall socio-economic fabric of India. There are 69 percent of the population who live in rural areas, and three-fourths of the population depend on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. The main contributions of agriculture to rural development are in terms of Supporting employment, environmental services, and agriculture is necessary. to support the economic and social infrastructure.
agriculture of Uttarakhand
On November 9, Uttarakhand becomes the Republic of India’s 27th state. It is also known as Devbhoomi (God’s Land), and it is set in the year 2000. foothills of the Himalayan mountain region. The state is separated from Uttar Pradesh. It covers 17.3 percent of India’s total land area with a spread over 53,483 sq. km. The total geographical area of Uttarakhand (km2) is 53,483 of which 86 percent are mountain regions and 65 percent are covered by forest, is India’s second fastest-growing state, and it is also divided into two parts. backbone of Uttarakhand and done by many people, mostly those that Garhwal and Kumaon regions, with 13 districts: seven districts in Garhwal and seven districts in Kumaon. are in the Garhwal region, and six are in the Kumaon region. The Tarai-Bhabar region of the state is made up of plains. Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar, and some parts of Deheradun and Nainital Districts. The hilly region of the state consists of Uttarakhand, Tehri, Pauri, Chamoli, Rudrapryag, Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, Pthoragarh, and parts of Deheadun and Nainital districts. There are 95 development blocks and 48 tehsils in the state. Uttarakhand has agro-climatic zones, which give commercial
opportunities for floriculture and horticulture, it is the home of more than 175 species of rare medicinal, herbal, and aromatic plants Agriculture is the more than the third-fourth population of Uttarakhand’s hilly area residents Uttarakhand is dependent on agriculture for its livelihood, hence dependency on mountain agriculture, which is the occupation of many local villager: Aaloo Khet, Angora Farm, Chaubatia Gardens, Macchi Tal, Ram Tal Horticulture Gardens are agriculture destinations in Uttarakhand. Lands are small and fragmented, with limited irrigation facilities and productive seeds. As a result, the majority of the population wants to migrate to minimise this In migration, various departments are developed by the government. which are working for the development of the people; hence, in this study, I have concentrated on the agriculture department’s work for rural development in Uttarakhand. In the hilly areas of Uttarakhand, people are doing mixed cropping, but in plain areas where single crops are grown. Crops (wheat, Basmati rice, cereals, soyabeans) In Uttarakhand, pulses and oil seeds are widely grown. The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) grew at a 9.39 percent annual rate. between 2015–16 and 2019–20.
Role of agriculture in the rural development of Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand has not been able to improve its agricultural growth in the last 15 years. years. Although the majority of the population of Uttarakhand is still dependent on agriculture, no special attention is given by the government for the hill farm. Experts and Agriculture Department officials say that the state has scope For development in the other sector, farming is the key to checking migration. from hill villages.” A farmer who played an important role in farming the Land Consolidation Act Draught plan: “This will primarily benefit the hills because farmers will have the The opportunity to consolidate their holdings brings them together with the help of local administration and increase their cropped production area. Due to This means that those who migrated from villages would also like to come back to their
roots with the expectation of owning large tracts of land.” The contribution of agriculture to the state’s domestic production is 22 percent, and 75–85 percent of the population rely on the occupation for a living. livelihood. Fifteen years have gone by, but there is no separate policy for the farming. Aside from the promotion of local and traditional hill crops, farmers need to be give adequate cover in terms of welfare schemes and water conversations. Farmers in hilly areas must be given measures.
Sustainable Agriculture in Uttarakhand
More than 80 percent of the area of Uttarakhand is rainfed. It is determined by its natural agronomy practises and lavish biodiversity. Baranaja means twelve. Gains from a traditional mixed farming system are widespread across the drylands of Garhwal rural areas in Uttarakhand. In this cropping system, There is an intercropping of twelve or more crops. The industrial development in the Himalayan regions has affected the communities, income, environment, and locals Uttarakhand is also the first state in India to officially legalise the cultivation of industrial hemp. Whilw Modern industrial agriculture is highly productive and can produce a It also introduces a large number of plants during harvest season. damaging and long-term problems that can only be solved in a sustainable way. practices.
Uttarakhand’s policies and programmes for sustainable development
The prevalent agriculture scenario, coupled with the mountain’s fragility and The environmentally friendly topography was thought to be best suited. agriculture development by the state government. Keeping the available These high-value crops could be developed to provide a source of income for the rural commodities. The state has been forthright with its commitment to organic agriculture and Over the period of the last decade, programmes and schemes have been supporting the will of the state to develop the agriculture system for
farming.
Objectives of the Study
1- To analyse the performance of agriculture work in hilly areas and rural areas in Uttarakhand.
2- To analyse the agricultural problems and shortcomings in hilly and rural areas, development in Uttarakhand.
3- To analyse the problems related to cultivable land in different regions of Uttarakhand
Land use and crop density in Uttarakhand (2015–2020)
In 2015–16, the reported land usage area was 599,260 hectors. of which 3799953 hectars are covered by forest, 225255 hectars were
Under cultivable land, 228106 hectors of land are used for other activities; 317777 From 1920 to 1971, hectarage land was used for permanent pasture. and grazing land, their total sown area was 1069176, and their crop intensity was 155.02 percent.
The reported area for land usage in 2016–17 was the same as in 2015–16. 59902604 hectors, out of which 3799953 hectors are covered by forest, 28091 hectres of land were under cultivation, while 226855 hectres were used for other purposes. activities, 317885 acres were agriculture waste land, and 192075 acres were used for Their total sown area was 108,1795 acres, and their crop was permanent pasture and grazing. intensity was 156.65 percent.
The reported area for land usage increased to 600,431 in 2017–18. out of which are covered by forest, which also increased (3811662), but cultivable Land area was reduced between 1858 and 1836, and is now used for other purposes. Waste land and permanent pasture and grazing land areas were increased. 249520, 323731, and 207804 were the numbers. The total sown area shrank by 1049531. but crop intensity increased to 157.54.
The reported area for land usage increased again in the fiscal year 2018–19. The forest cover area was the same as 3811662, but the cultivable land was 6001924. There was a decrease in land use for other activities between 185707 and 248963. was an increase in waste land (328323), permanent pastures, and other grazing Their total sown area was 1029014 acres, their land area was 207793 acres, and their crop intensity was 158.85.
In the year 2019–20, the reported area for land usage was 5959630, the area covered by forest, cultivable land, land used for other activities, grazing land, and total Sown areas decreased, but crop intensity increased.
Data of total sown areas (hectors) under Rabi, Kharif, and Zaid crops in Uttarakhand (2015–20)
In 2015-16, the under-rabi crop area sown was 417285 acres, while the kharif crop area sown was 417285 acres. was 632040, zaiden crops were 33061, and the total sown area of crops was 1082386.
The rabi and zad crop sown area increased by 420073 acres in 2016–17. and 35357, but the sown area of kharif crops decreased by 626098, and there The total sown area decreased by 108,528 acres.
There was another fall in the sown area of Rabi 410836, Kharif, in 2017–18. 613839 and ZAID 34513 crops, and also a decrease in their total sown area. 1059188.
There was another fall in the sown area of Rabi 385009, Kharif, in 2018-19. Because of the reduced total sown area, 60666 and ZAID 37137 crops were planted. 1028807.
There was a continued fall in the sown area of Rabi 359183, Kharif, in 2019-20. 599483 and zayed 39761 crops, resulting in a decrease in the total sown of 998426.
Data on total land usage for agriculture in Garhwal and Kumaon region of Uttarakhand (2015–2020)
In 2015-16, cultivable land in the Garhwal region was 76250 ha, and waste land was 129358 ha, and cultivable land in the Kumaon region was 119315 ha. land was 1884.19 ha, which shows that in the Kumaon region both cultivable land and Garhwal had the most waste land.
Cultivable land in the Garhwal region decreased by a year in 2016–17. annual change 15267 ha and waste land increased by the annual change105 ha, in the Kumaon region, cultivable land was increased by the annual change by 47793 ha and waste land decreased by 57731 ha, showing that areas of The Kumaon region has more cultivable land than the Garhwal region.
In the year 2017–18, cultivable land increased in Garhwal by annual change. The annual change increased the area of waste land by 68480 ha. 3306 ha, but in the Kumaon region, the area of cultivable land decreased by the annual change of 6064 ha and annual increase in waste land area This year’s Garhwal region cultivation area increased by 614 ha. than the Kumaon region.
In the year 2018-19, there is a fall in the area of cultivable land and waste land. Garwhal region is bounded by 51020 ha in Kumaon region and 38486 ha in Garwhal region. Cultivable land was increased by an annual change of 796 ha, and the area of waste This year’s cultivable land area was reduced by an annual change of 238 ha. is greater than the area of the Garhwal region.
In year 2019-20, again, the area of cultivable land fell by the annual change of 3686 ha and increased the area of waste land by 57350 ha, on the However, cultivable land area decreased by 97204 ha in the Kumaon region. increased the area of waste land by 219692 ha, but it shows again in Kumaon. The region has more cultivable land than the Garhwal region.
Crop intensity (in %) in the Garhwal and Kumaon regions of Uttarakhand (2015-2020)
In 2015-16, crop intensity in the Garwhal region was 999.96%, and in the Kumaon region, it was 988.83 percent; there is no large difference between the crop intensity in the Garwhal and Kumaon regions.
Crop intensity increased by 1169.% with an annual change of 169.7% in the Garhwal region in 2016–17, but fell by 980.45% with an annual change of 8.38% in the Kumaon region.
Crop intensity in the Garwhal region was down 1041.92 percent by an annual change of 127.74% in 2017-18, but crop intensity in the Kumaon region was up 16710.26% by an annual change of 15729.81%.
Crop intensity fell again in the Garhwal region in 2018-19, at 1031.09%, with an annual change of 10.83%, and in the Kumaon region, at 1007.51%, with a long annual fall of 15702.75%.
In the year 2019–20, there was a continued fall in crop intensity in the Garhwal region (1019.96%), with an annual change of 11.3% between the crop intensity in the Garhwal and Kumaon regions. In the year 2016–17, crop intensity in the Garhwal region increased by 1169.% with an annual change of 169.7%, but in the Kumaon region it fell by 980.45% with an annual change of 8.38%. In the year 2017–18, crop intensity in the Garwhal region was down 1041.92 percent by the annual change of 127.74%, but crop intensity in the Kumaon region was up 16710.26% by the large annual change of 15729.81%. In the year 2018-19, there was again a fall in crop intensity in the Garhwal region, at 1031.09%, with an annual change of 10.83%, and in the Kumaon region, at 1007.51%, with a long annual fall of 15702.75%. In the year 2019–20, there was a continued fall in crop intensity in the Garhwal region (1019.96%) with an annual change of 11.13%, but now in the Kumaon region, the Crop intensity has increased to 1089.32%, with an annual change of 81.81%.
Total irrigated area (in hectors) of the Garhwal and Kumaon regions of Uttarakhand (2015–20)
In 2015-16, the total irrigated area in the Garhwal region was 223167 ha, while it was 317832 ha in the Kumaon region, which was greater than the Garhwal region.
In the year 2016–17, there was an increase in the total irrigated area of Garhwal (Table 1). 223649 ha) with an annual change of 482 ha and an increase in total irrigated area of Kumaon (318806 ha) with a 973 ha annual change, which was greater than the total irrigated area of Garhwal.
In 2017–18, the total irrigated area decreased by 219387 ha with an annual change of 4262 ha, while in the Kumaon region, the total irrigated area increased by 323479 ha with a 4673 ha annual change The total irrigation area of the Garhwal region (217544 ha) fell again in 2018-19, with an 1843 ha annual change; there was also a decrease in the total irrigated area (322107 ha) in the Kumaon region, but it was greater than in the Garhwal region, with a 1372 ha annual change.
In 2019-20, there was a continued decrease in the area of total irrigated land (21,571 ha) with an 1843 ha annual change, and the total irrigated area (32,073 ha) decreased with a 1372 ha annual change in the Kumaon region.
Actual irrigated area (in hectors) in Garhwal and Kumaon region or Uttarakhand (2015–2020)
In 2015-16, the Garhwal region’s actual irrigated area was 147732 ha, while the Kumaon region’s actual irrigated area was 178467 ha, which was greater than the Garhwal region’s area.
The actual irrigated area in the Garhwal region increased by 152020 ha with a 4288 ha annual change in 2016–17, while it decreased by 57451 ha with a 121016 ha annual change in the Kumaon region.
In the year 2017–18, the actual irrigated area of Garhwal decreased by 149792 ha with an annual change of 228 ha, but now the actual irrigated area of the Kumaon region has increased by 178764 ha, with an annual change of 121313 ha.
The actual irrigated area of the Garhwal region decreased by 147446 ha in 2018-19, with a 2346 ha annual change, and the actual irrigated area of the Kumaon region decreased by 175027 ha, with a 3737 ha annual change.
In 2019-20, the actual irrigated area of the Garhwal region decreased by 146100 ha, a 1346 ha annual change, and the actual irrigated area of the Kumaon region decreased by 171260 ha, a 3767 ha annual change.
Fertilizer distribution in tonnes and expenditure in kilo grammes in 2015-16In the Garhwal region, the cost per hector was 47509, while in the Kumaon region, it was 368.99. Fertilizer distribution in tonnes and expenditure in kilogrammes per hector (13,176; 6,622)
In the year 2016–17, fertiliser distribution in the Garhwal region decreased. Kumaon region fertilisers: 46849 tonnes with an annual change of 660 and 350.37 kg with an annual change of 18.62 The distribution increased by 155276 tons, with a 33504-ton annual change. also increased in k.g. expenditure by $608.18, with an annual change of 87.85.
Fertilizer distribution in the Garhwal region resumed in 2017–18. decreased by 40517 metric tons, representing a 6332 percent annual change, while spending increased. 316.66 k.g., with an annual change of 33.71, in the Kumaon region. With an annual change of 6321, distribution decreased by 148955 tons. With an annual change of 142.57, expenditure increased by 608.18 kilograms. Fertiliser distribution in the Garhwal region was completed in 2018-19. decreasing 6701 metric tonnes with a 33816 annual change and the expenditure was increased to 357.25 k.g. with the annual change of 40.59 in the Kumaon Fertilizer distribution in the region decreased by 12743 tonnes with the annual change of 16212, and the expenditure also decreased 604.5 in k.g. with
the annual change of 3.68.
In the year 2019-20, in the Garhwal region, fertiliser distribution increased by 52887 tonnes with an annual change of 46186 and expenditure in per k.g. increased to 398 in Kumaon, with an annual change of 40.75. region, the fertiliser distribution increased by 142827 tonnes with the annual 130084 change, and expenditure increased 130084 k.g. with the annual change of $606.82.
In 2015-16, agriculture protection chemical distribution and expenditure were 104738.00 in k.g. and 2.31 in the Kumaon region, respectively, while in the Kumaon state, distribution and expenditure were 174863.00 in k.g. and 2.06 in the Kumaon state.
In 2016-17, the distribution of agriculture protection chemicals increased by 163308.00 KG due to the 58570 annual change, and expenditure increased by 2.64 KG due to the 0.33 annual change, while expenditure increased by 2.21 KG due to the 104605 annual change in the Kumaon region.
In 2017–18, agriculture protection chemical distribution decreased by 127655.00 KG with an annual change of 35653 and expenditure decreased by 2.14 KG with a 0.5 annual change; in the Kumaon region, agriculture protection chemical distribution increased by 269147.00 KG with an annual change of 153108 and expenditure increased by 1.85 KG with a 0.23 annual change.
In the year 2018-19, the distribution of agriculture protection chemicals was increased by 153432.00 KG with an annual change of 25777 and decreased in
expenditure by 2.13 KG with an annual change of 0.17 In the Kumaon region, the distribution of agriculture protection chemicals again decreased, this time by 216039.00 KG with an annual change of 153108, and expenditure also decreased by 1.85 KG with an annual change of 0.59.
In 2019-20, the distribution of agriculture protection chemicals was increased to 179209.00 KG with an annual change of 25777, and expenditure was also increased to 2.48 KG with an annual change of 0.17, but in the Kumaon region, the distribution was decreased to 1967038.00 KG with an annual change of 19331, and expenditure was increased to 1.88 KG with a 0.03 annual change.
Data on average rainfall (in millimeters) in Uttarakhand’s Garhwal and Kumaon regions (2015–2020)
In the year 2015–16, the average rainfall in the Garhwal region was 9450.26 mm, while in the Kumaon region it was 6074.89 mm, which is less than the average rainfall in the Garhwal region.
The average rainfall in the Garhwal region decreased by 8995.06 mm with an annual change of 455.2 in 2016–17, while it increased by 6645.01 mm with an annual change of 590.12 in the Kumaon region.
In the year 2017–18, the average rainfall again decreased by 8540.86 mm with an annual change of 454.2, and in the Kumaon region, the average rainfall again increased by 7245.83 mm with an annual change of 600.82.
The average rainfall in the Garhwal region increased by 105952.2 mm in 2018-19, an annual change of 2954.36, and by 9302.8 mm in the Kumaon region, an annual change of 2056.97.
In the year 2019-2020, the average rainfall increased by 12650.21 mm with an annual change of 2055.01; in the Kumaon region, the average rainfall increased by 10264.2 mm with an annual change of 961.4.
CONCLUSION
Agriculture is vital to the state of Uttarakhand’s economy and culture. Considered the backbone of the economic system of Uttarakhand, commercial agriculture is practised in the plains, but hill farmers are largely engaged in subsistence farming. The contribution of agriculture to the state’s GDP is about $22.4 billion, and the population is reliant on agriculture. Agriculture is their main source of income in approximately 75 percent to 85 percent of cases, and it is one of the most important and significant sectors of the economy for income generation in Uttarakhand.
Most of the area of the state is under forests and waste land, thus leaving only a small amount of land for cultivation out of the total reported area. During the Between 2015 and 2025, changes in cultivable land and waste land are discovered. Between 2015 and 2020, the cultivable land in the Garhawal and Kumaon regions will increase. were falling but increased in the area of waste land. In the state, farmers generally adopt two types of agricultural practices, i.e., rainfed and irrigated. Most of the agriculture in the state is rainfed.
Kumaon’s actual irrigated area is 178467 hectors, which is greater than 147732 hectors in the Garhwal region in 2015-16. This year’s net actual irrigated areas of Kumaon and the Garhwal region fall under this category. In the hilly areas of Uttarakhand, people are doing mixed cropping, but in the plains, single crops are grown. Crops (wheat, Basmati rice, cereals, and soyabeans) and pulses and oil seeds are widely grown in Uttarakhand. The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) grew at a 9.39 percent annual rate between 2015–16 and 2019–20.
Due to the large area under hills, irrigation is available mostly in the plains and valleys. The growth of food grain production is quite variable. As a result, Uttarakhand’s agricultural scenario is mixed. The Green Revolution has greatly benefited the farming system in the plains area of the state while neglecting the hilly region.
During the period of 2015–20, the crop intensity in Garhwal and Kumaon increased from 999.96 percent to 1019.96 percent in Garhwal and from In the Kumaon region, the percentage ranges from 988.83 percent to 1089.32 percent. There are also opportunities for organic farming, agricultural diversification, agricultural market interventions, and farm machinery use to make agriculture a more profitable occupation. Table 4.2 shows the total sown areas of Garhwal and Kumaon from 2015 to 20 under three different crops (Rabi kharif, Zaid), with the total decreasing from 1082386 hectors to 998426 hectors. This fall is mostly represented by the zaad crop. According to the findings of this study, agriculture is the primary source of income in Uttarakhand. their livelihood, and most of the people are dependent on agriculture in hilly areas. Although the condition of agricultural activities is not good, there are no specific government policies or schemes in place to improve the situation. of agricultural activities, the official report of the agriculture department of Uttarakhand gives suggestions to increase the cultivable land in hilly areas by consolidating lands. On the other hand, Uttarakhand is one of the fastest-growing states in India because of the massive growth in capital investment under the AIN industrial policy, and between 2015–16 and 2019–20, the gross state product (GSDP) increased by 9.39 percent to Rs. 2.54 trillion (935.99 billion US dollars).
SUGGESTIONS
To improve the agricultural performance of Uttarakhand, the government needs to take a decision regarding increasing the cultivable land by converting agriculture waste land into cultivable land by using modern technology in agriculture, searching for crops that can be produced on that waste land, and finding the main reasons why that land has become productive land and why local people do not consider farming on that land or area.
The government should develop various schemes for farmers in hilly areas to encourage their courage in carrying out agricultural activities in hilly areas and to provide proper irrigation and crop protection facilities.
During the rainy season, most crops are damaged by floods and landslides in different districts of Uttarakhand. Mostly in the Chamoli, the pithoragas are affected by the monsoon. The government should build proper roads in hilly areas to connect villages to markets where they can sell their food grains.
Stop sending the low-paid agriculture extension workers to the villages; by providing proper agriculture knowledge to the farmers of hilly areas, this helps to reduce migration from hilly areas to cities.
By providing knowledge about how to use fertilisers and chemicals according to the crops, we can provide better-quality seeds for commercial farming.
to encourage the people of the hilly areas to do commercial farming rather than substance farming by providing new technology and new methods in Uttarakhand.
Increased agricultural productivity refers to the more efficient distribution of scarce resources.
Article By -: Team Kalyan Institute
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