Creating an inclusive school is very important for the country and society in which all people are included. When all people, irrespective of their religion, caste, sect, gender, are provided education without any discrimination and proper opportunities for education are provided to all people, then it will lead to Creating an inclusive school.
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Special education is a field of study that deals with providing appropriate opportunities for education to students who suffer from physical, mental, intellectual, emotional or any type of disability. Under which education is given to those children who are slightly different from normal children in physical, mental and social characteristics. The needs of such children are also special compared to normal children. That is why they are called ‘children with special needs’. In other words, it concerns learners with all types of disabilities.
Special education does not just mean teaching the student. This ensures that the student has access to all types of resources and opportunities to succeed in his life.
importance of special education
Within special education it is important to ensure that every child, regardless of their abilities, has the opportunity to learn, grow, and succeed.
1- Better academic performance
Special education services and accommodations help students with disabilities improve their academic performance and achieve their goals.
2- Increase in socialization
Special education services can help students with disabilities develop social skills and build relationships with their peers.
3- Promoting inclusivity
Special education has great importance in inclusion. An inclusive society is one where people of all abilities are welcomed, valued and actively participate. Special education plays an important role in promoting inclusivity by preparing students with disabilities to become active members of their communities.
4- Development of abilities and capabilities of specific students
Through special education, education is provided according to the problems of specific students, due to which their abilities and capabilities are fully developed.
5- Physical and mental development
Through special education, every effort is made to develop the intellectual development of the students and in addition, efforts are made to develop their physical abilities.
Meaning of integrated education
Integrated education is the education under which physically challenged or disabled children are taught together with normal children in a normal class. In integrated education, there are no special facilities for disabled children.
In other words, an education system in which special children are provided education along with normal children.
Importance of integrated education
1- Based on economy
To provide special education, special teachers, special type of teaching methods, special curriculum and special education system are required which is quite expensive. In contrast, integrated education is provided in general schools which is less expensive.
2- Natural environment
In normal schools, disabled children get a natural environment. Disabled children easily adjust themselves to able-bodied children while living with them.
3- Development of social values
There are all types of children (able and disabled) in the society. Through integrated education, both capable and disabled children are educated equally. Children from all types of classes meet each other. In this way the feeling of socialization develops in them. Various types of social values like cooperation, assistance, adjustment develop in them.
4- Mental development
Education is provided to special children by trained teachers in special schools. This creates an inferiority complex in them as to why they are not being taught along with normal children. This has a negative impact on them but integrated education, provided to special children in general schools along with other children, gives them confidence.
5- Based on the principle of equality
Integrated education is based on the principle of equality in which all students are treated equally and all students are provided equal education and educational opportunities without any discrimination.
Meaning of inclusive education
To provide fair educational opportunities to all students in all schools. For special students who suffer from physical, mental, intellectual, emotional or any kind of disability, education is provided along with the rest of the students by providing proper facilities in the school.
Importance of inclusive education
1- Universalization of education
To achieve universalization of education there is a need for inclusive education. According to Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): Universalization of education cannot be achieved without inclusion. In this, proper opportunities for education are provided to all the people.
2- Development of socialization
Inclusive education services can help students with disabilities develop social skills and build relationships with their peers. In which education is provided along with general students.
3- Promoting inclusivity
Inclusive education has great importance in inclusion. An inclusive society is one where people of all abilities are welcomed, valued and actively participate. Special education plays an important role in promoting inclusivity by preparing students with disabilities to become active members of their communities.
4- Development of abilities and capabilities of specific students
Through inclusive education, education is provided according to the problems of specific students, due to which their abilities and capabilities are fully developed.
5- Physical and mental development
Through inclusive education, every effort is made to develop the intellectual development of the students and in addition, efforts are made to develop their physical abilities.
Inclusion refers to an environment where everyone feels respected and valued, and has equal opportunities regardless of their background or identity. In this, every person is included, everyone is treated with respect without any discrimination and they get fair opportunities.
1- Theory of individual differences
Inclusion sees individual diversity and includes a great deal of individual diversity and respects it. It involves the combined inclusion of many types of individual differences.
2- Principle of equality
Inclusion is based on the principle of equality in which people of every caste, class, community are treated equally. It includes all people without any discrimination in which all people get fair and equal opportunities.
3- Principle of participation
Participation of all the people i.e. irrespective of their religion and regardless of caste, community, gender, there is proper participation of all the people in which there is no barrier of any kind which is possible in inclusion.
4- Principle of empowerment
In inclusion, an effort is made to protect the interests of every person in which full efforts are made to empower all the people and they are provided with appropriate opportunities with the help of which people can be empowered.
Inclusion is a process in which every single person is included. There are many benefits of inclusion which are as follows-
1- Development of sociality
If all the people are included without any discrimination then it will lead to development of sociality among the people. People become aware of each other’s importance and start living in the society with a sense of brotherhood.
2- All round development
Whenever all people are included without any discrimination, it leads to development of people’s personality because they get the best opportunities for their development without any discrimination.
3- Based on equality
Equality is found in inclusion in which no person is discriminated against in any way. In this, all people are treated equally, under which the development of all people is encouraged.
4- Fair opportunities for development
Under inclusion, proper opportunities for development are available because in this, all the people can easily get proper opportunities for their development without any discrimination, which ensures the development of the people.
5- Promote the feeling of brotherhood
When inclusion includes all the people without any discrimination then it is natural that the feeling of fraternity is encouraged in which people are encouraged to live with the feeling of brotherhood.
Meaning of inclusive education
To provide fair educational opportunities to all students in all schools. For special students who suffer from physical, mental, intellectual, emotional or any kind of disability, education is provided along with the rest of the students by providing proper facilities in the school.
Need and importance of inclusive education
The needs and importance of inclusive education are as follows-
1- Universalization of education
To achieve universalization of education there is a need for inclusive education. According to Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): Universalization of education cannot be achieved without inclusion. In this, proper opportunities for education are provided to all the people.
2- Development of socialization
Inclusive education services can help students with disabilities develop social skills and build relationships with their peers. In which education is provided along with general students.
3- Promoting inclusivity
Inclusive education has great importance in inclusion. An inclusive society is one where people of all abilities are welcomed, valued and actively participate. Special education plays an important role in promoting inclusivity by preparing students with disabilities to become active members of their communities.
4- Development of abilities and capabilities of specific students
Through inclusive education, education is provided according to the problems of specific students, due to which their abilities and capabilities are fully developed.
5- Physical and mental development
Through inclusive education, every effort is made to develop the intellectual development of the students and in addition, efforts are made to develop their physical abilities.
6- Recognition of diversity
In inclusive education, various disorders of children, such as physical, mental, intellectual, social and cultural etc. are identified. Keeping in mind the needs of children based on various disorders, opportunities for emotional and creative development are provided.
7- To awaken the feeling of social equality
The first lesson of social equality is taught in schools. Inclusive education is very suitable for this.
8- To increase the level of education
Inclusive education is not only ‘education for all’ but it is based on quality education. In this education system, special attention is paid to making the curriculum flexible on the basic principle of fulfilling the mental, emotional, social, cultural etc. needs of all children. So it is clear that such an education system will lead to development of qualitative education.
In general sense, disability is such physical and mental disability due to which a person is unable to do any work like normal people. Disability is a broad term that describes any deficiency in the physical and mental development of a person.
Learning problems of persons with disabilities
The effects of disability are devastating. Which shows a sense of courtesy and truthfulness in most of the people towards the disabled. Do not show any sympathy towards the disabled. So they satirize them and make fun of them. They make them victims of their emotions and an atmosphere of extreme despair is created in the society. People have no sympathy and empathy for the disabled. Thus, society is not aware of disability. People face many types of problems in ensuring their learning and participation, which are as follows-
1- Problems related to social adjustment
In the context of disabled people, it is seen that they keep getting separated from other people and the society because they are discriminated against in many ways in the society, due to which the person is not able to make proper adjustments in the society which provides learning for the disabled person. Becomes the cause of the biggest problem.
2- Communication problems
The main problem of communication is found in people with hearing disability, i.e. deaf people, and this problem has many consequences. This creates the problem of socialization i.e. sociability and discipline. Due to which they face problems in learning.
3- Lack of adequate resources
If there is a lack of adequate resources for disabled people, then they face problems in learning because disabled people require special resources for learning.
4- Problems of inferiority complex
Disabled people are seen with inferiority complex in the society due to which they have to face many types of problems in their progress because when a disabled person has to learn something or he enters the society, if he is not treated well then he Will not express any desire to learn again.
5- Inadequacy of the body
Inadequacy of the body also causes problems in learning for disabled people due to which they are not able to learn like a normal person, which is always the case with them.
Appraisal is a process of measuring performance. It also tests the knowledge of the students. Under this, the performance of the students is assessed during their studies and according to this assessment, the teaching process is also improved. Assessment is the process of collecting information in which a decision is given about a subject in the context of the students. In assessment, students are given feedback without marks or grading so that further improvement can be made in achieving the educational objectives. Assessment is a process by which information is obtained relative to a known objective or goal. It is only through assessment that we can get information about the abilities of the students and in which areas the students need more improvement, all this is possible only through assessment which actually leads to improving the students.
Importance of assessment in knowing the profile of children
Assessment plays an important role in knowing the overall progress profile of the children, through which complete information about the children is obtained, under which work can be done in the better context of the children. In this way, assessment has the following importance in knowing the profile of children-
1- Informed about student’s progress
Under assessment, information is available about the progress of the student so that it can be known what is the actual progress of the student and how further work needs to be done on it. In this way, information about the overall progress of the student is obtained. Can get.
2- Aware of the abilities of the student under assessment
Through assessment, one can find out very well the working abilities of the student, which tasks the student can do within him and whether he has the capacity to do those tasks, then all this can be found out through assessment only. It is possible to get.
3- In terms of removing student shortcomings
Through assessment, the shortcomings of the students are identified and then continuous efforts are made to remove those shortcomings, thereby making the student better.
4- Information about student behavior
Through assessment, information about the complete behavior of the students is obtained and those behaviors are made useful through assessment in such a way that it is positive for the students in terms of learning and the qualities of discipline and morality are developed in the students. Could.
5- Aware of physical and mental conditions
The physical and mental condition of the students varies and it can be understood only through assessment of these different conditions that what is the physical and mental condition of which students, on the basis of which the teaching work can be carried out meaningfully. Is.
Lesson planning means that preparation of the teacher in which before entering the class he decides what, why, how and with whose help he has to teach the students. Through the lesson plan, the teacher prepares a complete blueprint as to how to achieve the objectives of teaching so that the entire teaching can be completed meaningfully.
How to Create a Curriculum-Friendly Lesson Plan
A curriculum-friendly lesson plan can be seen as follows
- Selection of curriculum topic
While preparing the lesson plan, a teacher first selects the topic suitable to the curriculum on the basis of which further teaching work is conducted.
- Selection of teaching aids
In preparing a lesson plan according to the curriculum, a teacher makes appropriate use of teaching aids in which the teacher has already selected the appropriate teaching material.
- Selection of teaching method
While preparing the lesson plan by the teacher, it is ensured that which method will be used in the teaching work so that the teaching work can be completed in an efficient manner.
Requirements/importance/objectives of lesson plan
The needs/importance/objective of the lesson plan can be seen as follows-
- Achievement of definite objective
Lesson planning is made by a teacher before carrying out the work in which it is ensured that how the teacher’s objective is to be achieved.
- Helpful in selecting teaching method
While making a lesson plan by a teacher, it is decided in advance which method is to be used during teaching so that the teaching work can be accomplished meaningfully.
- Helpful in selecting teaching aids
While preparing the lesson plan, the teaching aids are selected in advance by the teacher so that the teaching work can be done in a better way.
- Good use of time
When a lesson plan is prepared by a teacher before starting the teaching work, then all kinds of strategies are prepared keeping in mind the objective of teaching, so that the time can actually be utilized effectively.
- Helpful in effective teaching
Through lesson planning, efforts are made to find out how the teaching work can be accomplished effectively in which teaching methods and teaching aids are used appropriately.
- Gaining confidence
When the entire teaching work is conducted according to the teaching objectives through lesson planning, it actually increases the self-confidence of students and teachers. Because through this, all types of teaching activities are conducted keeping the students at the center.
Teaching learning material is the material which the teacher uses to complete the teaching work in a better way. Teaching aids are such means for teachers through which they make their teaching-learning process permanent and interesting. Through teaching learning material, the teaching work is accomplished easily and meaningfully because with its help teaching becomes easy and convenient. Teaching learning material includes pictures, globes, charts, models, real events etc.
Importance of teaching learning material
The importance of teaching-learning material can be seen in the following way-
1- Ease in explaining facts related to the lesson
There are some complicated parts in every subject which students are not able to understand easily; For example, explaining the words soul, mind, sensitivity, emotionality etc. which are mentioned in some texts of philosophy and Hindi by giving examples, then in subjects like geography and social studies, depending on the different climate of different places, the food habits, clothing of the people there are explained. -To clarify the dress and lifestyle.
2- Assimilating the understood content
Understanding something is one thing. And assimilating it is a different thing. Understanding is a matter of intellect, then to assimilate is to accept it in such a way that it becomes a part of conduct. This is also the purpose of education and teaching. In achieving this objective, teaching-learning material proves to be very important.
3- Helpful in clarification
With the use of teaching material, even the most difficult subject material gets explained to the children. The only reason for this is that whatever children hear, they also see with their eyes.
4- Attainment of meaningful experience
Lessons are taught to children in a physical form through teaching material. Every child tries to understand the object properly in every way by seeing, touching and asking. This makes the lesson simple, interesting and entertaining and all the children absorb the knowledge happily.
5- Efficiency in teaching
Using teaching material brings efficiency in teaching. Also teaching becomes more effective. In other words, the subtle things and difficult expressions which children cannot understand with the help of chalk and ‘talk’, they can easily understand with the use of supporting materials.
6- Direct experience
Direct experience is provided to the learners through audio-visual material. The content or process which we cannot experience can be explained with the help of pictures or films.
Role of teachers in the context of universal and inclusive education
The word Sarvabhumikaran is used in Hindi for Universalization. Some people also use words like universalization, universalization and universalization etc. for this. Universalization of education means making education accessible to the general public i.e. providing opportunities to everyone to get education irrespective of differences in caste, colour, religion, gender or ability.
Universalization of education to develop national outlook, to eliminate communalism, to make democracy successful, to create political awareness, to establish social equality and social justice, to create feelings of national unity and emotional unity. It is necessary to develop and develop a sense of dedication to the society and the nation by rising above our petty and narrow interests.
In the 19th century, psychologists said that there are individual differences in children and due to this difference, there are huge differences in their abilities, capabilities and needs, hence there should be differences in the system of their education. Inclusion is broadly understood as a reform that respects the differences of learners. In which all the children of one education level are provided education together without any discrimination.
The role of teacher is very important in universal and inclusive education. The responsibility of the teacher is to provide education to the children as well as to guide them. Therefore, he should be competent, efficient, skilled, hard-working, disciplined, hard-working, dutiful and humorous. The important role of a teacher can be explained in the following points –
(1) The teacher should make proper arrangements for teaching according to the needs of different types of children.
(2) The teacher should not keep the number of children in the class more than fifteen-twenty.
(3) Teachers should identify children with special needs and understand their needs well.
(4) The teacher should carefully arrange the seats for children in an inclusive class. Seats should be allotted to disabled children in such a way that they do not face any problem in walking and getting up and down from their seats. Hearing impaired, visually impaired and orthopedically handicapped children should be made to sit in the front seats. The remaining children should be seated according to their height.
(5) The teacher should make normal and special children sit nearby so that they can cooperate with each other.
(6) The teacher should get active cooperation from all the children in his teaching.
(7) The teacher should treat all children equally. Everyone’s cooperation should be taken in the teaching-learning process.
(8) The teacher should immediately solve the problems of all the children, only then the teaching-learning process will run smoothly and the children will take interest in studies.
(9) The teacher should treat all children—normal and handicapped—with love, goodwill, sympathy and co-operation so that the children see in them the image of their parents.
(10) Teachers should be in constant touch with parents, guardians and community regarding inclusive schools, inclusive classes, teaching, learning activities and students and should get their active support.
After attaining independence, the members of the Constituent Assembly which was formed to frame the Constitution of independent India were freedom fighters who had spent precious years of their lives in jail cells, who had made many sacrifices to achieve independence. Had made sacrifices and renunciations. He sincerely wanted that through the Constitution, the people of India should get all the rights, facilities and opportunities which are necessary for their progress and development, but at that time the economic condition of independent India was very pathetic and it was not possible that the country’s Children, women, backward classes, Dalits, tribes etc. should get all those facilities in the form of constitutional rights, for which huge amount of money was required. Therefore, the framers of the Constitution made provision for fundamental rights in the Constitution for the development and security of life of the citizens, physically, mentally, morally, spiritually etc., which were placed above the laws passed by the state and it was provisioned that they should not be violated by the legislature or the executive. Cannot be encroached upon. If this is done then the person can go to court to protect them. The framers of the Constitution mentioned directive principles in the Constitution for matters related to citizens’ health, education, employment, agriculture, cottage industries, economic security, etc.
This is very important for the establishment of a public welfare state in the country. Under these directive principles, Article 45 of the Constitution states that “The State shall, within a period of ten years from the coming into force of the Constitution, make arrangements to provide free and compulsory education to children up to the age of fourteen years.”
In 2002, by the 86th Constitutional Amendment, a new Article 21(A) was added to the Constitution, which stated that-
“The State shall provide for free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the State may determine by law.”
In this way education was made the fundamental right of children. Along with this, by the same 86th Constitutional Amendment, a new fundamental duty 51 (A) was added to the fundamental duties mentioned in Part 4 (A) of the Constitution, in which it was said that –
“Parents or guardians should provide opportunities for education to children or their dependents between the age of 6 to 14 years.”
To make it more effective, in the light of the above paragraph, the Government of India presented the Right to Education Bill in the Parliament. After it was passed by both Houses of Parliament—the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha—the President signed the bill into law on August 26, 2009. It is known as “Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act-2009”. In short it is called “Right to Education Act-2009”. Government has implemented this ‘Right to Education Act-2009’ in the entire country from April 1, 2010.
Features of Right to Education Act-2009
(1) Right to free and compulsory education
Every child between the age of 6 to 14 years has the right to compulsory primary education. This education of the child will be completely free. No fees or other expenses will be charged from the child, which may create any kind of hindrance in his getting education.
(2) Special arrangements for children who do not get admission or complete primary education.
If a child is not able to take admission in a school at the age of 6 years, then he can get admission in the class according to his age even later. If he is not able to complete his primary education by the prescribed age of 14 years, he can complete his studies even after that.
(3) Transfer to other schools
If there is no provision for completing primary education in any school, then the child has the right to take transfer to any other school. Due to some other reason also the child can take transfer from one school to another. In such a situation, the school head will have to issue the transfer certificate immediately.
(4) Responsibility of establishing school
In those places where there are no schools, it will be the responsibility of the state government and its officials to establish schools within a period of three years from the implementation of the Act.
(5) Financial and other responsibilities
To fulfill this Act, the Central and State Governments will jointly arrange necessary funds. The Central Government will prepare an estimate of the expenses to be incurred on this and will provide necessary resources and technical assistance to the State Governments.
(6) Responsibility of state governments
It will be the responsibility of the state governments to ensure that every child between the age of 6 to 14 years gets free and compulsory education and there is no discrimination against the children of weaker and deprived sections. State governments will ensure availability of infrastructure including school buildings, teachers, teaching materials and will make arrangements to provide quality education to children and effective training for teachers.
(7) Responsibilities of local authorities
Local authorities will work for the spread of free and compulsory education while discharging all the responsibilities of the state government, and will open schools in those areas where there are no schools. Will keep records of children aged between 6 years to 14 years, look after the arrangements of schools and prepare educational calendar.
(8) Responsibility of parents and guardians
It will be the responsibility of every parent and guardian to enroll their children in school between 6 years to 14 years.
(9) Proof of age for admission
No child will be refused admission in school due to lack of date of birth certificate.
(10) No denial of admission even after the admission date.
Even after the admission date has passed, the school will not refuse admission to any child.
(11) Prohibition of detention and expulsion
The school will neither stop any child from attending any class nor will he be expelled from the school.
(12) Prohibition of physical punishment and mental torture
No child will be given physical punishment nor will he be given mental torture in the school.
Article 45 of the Indian Constitution states that the State shall, within ten years from the coming into force of this Constitution, make arrangements for free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of fourteen years. To achieve this goal, the Central and State Governments made many efforts. Kothari Commission emphasized equality of educational opportunities and drew the attention of the government towards the education of boys and girls belonging to backward classes, scheduled castes, tribes, minorities.
On the basis of the decisions taken in the conference of education ministers of the states held in October 1998, ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ scheme was developed, in which the target was set to provide primary education to all boys and girls. It was accepted in November 2000. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a very important program for universalization of elementary education.
Nature of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
- Universalization of elementary education
- Time bound program
- Quality education
- Proposal for social justice
- Establishment of national unity
- community involvement
- Cooperation at central and state level
- Value based education
Features of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
(1) Right to elementary education.
(2) Essentiality of public participation.
(3) Micro planning for teaching according to the mental learning level of each child.
(4) Identifying the problems of the geographical/social environment at the school/village/ward level, strengthening the village/ward education committees to solve them, and making efforts to solve the problems at the local level.
(5) Construction/reconstruction of new school buildings and classrooms through village/ward education committees.
Objectives of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Children aged 6-14 years-
- Take admission in school/education guarantee scheme/bridge course till 2003.
- By 2007, all children should complete five years of primary education.
- By 2010, all children should complete primary education up to class eight.
- To emphasize on quality primary education with emphasis on education for life.
- To eliminate social inequality and discrimination among all boys and girls at primary education level by 2007 and at upper primary education level by 2010.
- To make education universal by 2010.
Proposed criteria for achieving the goals of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
(1) School establishment
primary school
For the establishment of a primary school, settlements with a population of 300 and located outside the radius of 1.5 km from the council school will be considered unserved.
upper primary school
For establishment of upper primary school, settlements having population of 800 and located outside the radius of 3.0 km from council upper primary school/aided/subsidized school will be considered unserved.
(2) class room
Availability of minimum one room per class based on student strength.
(3) Alternative education
Establishment of centers for alternative education for children of underserved settlements who do not meet the standards for setting up schools.
(4) Teacher student ratio
Assurance of minimum two teachers at the school level and adequate availability depending on the number of students.
(5) Text books
To provide free text books to all the boys and girls of Scheduled and Scheduled Tribe category from class one to class eight.
(6) Teaching learning tools
To provide funds as per school level for newly constructed schools in unserved settlements.
(7) Teacher training
Arrangement of training for teachers as per requirement to improve teaching-learning achievement.
(8) Girls education
Providing innovative activities for girl education, early child care and education, bridge courses for Scheduled Caste girls, computer education.
(9) Strengthening at block and Nyaya Panchayat level
To do micro planning at block and Nyaya Panchayat level to help in solving the problems of availability of resources in schools.
(10) Enrollment in schools
To conduct micro planning by conducting family survey to increase enrollment in schools.
Measures for qualitative improvement in the classroom
- Teaching based on child psychology
- Motivation towards teaching and knowledge of subject matter among teachers.
- School level support by community
- Creation and use of teaching materials by teachers
- Basic development of children.
Components or schemes of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Initially this campaign was run independently; But later all those programs and schemes which were being run for the spread and development of primary education were added to it. These schemes are as follows-
(1) Education Guarantee Scheme
In unserved settlements where it is not possible to establish a standard primary school, an Education Guarantee Center is established for a minimum of 25 children to provide education to children in the age group of 6-8 years. At these centres, children are admitted to school after passing classes 1-2. According to the Right to Education Act 2009, a provision has been made to convert them into primary schools.
(2) Alternative Education Center
Alternative education centers are opened in settlements where the number of working children in the age group of 9-14 is at least 25. In these centres, study time is fixed as per the convenience of the children. In these centres, children are given education up to class 5.
(3) Non-residential bridge courses
A bridge course has been arranged to reconnect those children who drop out of school with formal education. These courses are conducted at the Nyaya Panchayat level. In these courses, education from class one to three is completed in six months and admission is given in school.
(4) Operation Blackboard Scheme
In 2003, Operation Blackboard scheme was also made a component of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. A separate budget provision is made for this scheme. Through this, the infrastructure of primary and upper primary schools is being improved. Till 2014-15, about 90 percent primary and 80 percent upper primary schools have been benefited from this scheme.
(5) District Primary Education Program
This program was started in 1994 and in 2009 it was also linked to the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. There is a separate budget provision for this also. This program is being run in educationally backward districts.
(6) Mid Day Meal Scheme
This scheme was started on August 15, 1995 and in 2007 it was also linked to the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. There is a separate budget provision for this also. By 2014-15, this scheme had been implemented in 11.58 lakh primary and upper primary schools and education guarantee centers and 10-45 crore boys and girls were benefiting from it.
(7) Kasturba Gandhi Girls School Scheme
This scheme for the development of girls’ education was started in July 2004 and in 2007 it was also linked to the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. There is a separate budget provision for this also. At present the Central and State Governments are spending on this scheme in the ratio of 50:50. By 2014-15, 3,593 Kasturba Gandhi Girls Schools had been opened in the country.
Special provisions under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
(1) For children with special needs (disabled), their disability is detected by conducting a health test in the school, so that those children can be given education on the basis of special needs.
(2) To pay attention to girls, especially to girls belonging to Scheduled Caste/Tribe and minority groups. To pay special attention to experimental projects related to girls’ education.
(3) To make efforts to increase and maintain the enrollment in education of Scheduled Caste/Tribe children.
Meaning of inclusive education
Inclusive education means that education system in which all people are included and appropriate opportunities for education are provided. In which all the children of one education level are provided education together without any discrimination. Which includes caste, religion, gender, cultural, social, economic, physical-mental diversity. All types of individual diversity are included in education. Learner differences are respected.
Merits or benefits of inclusive education
Inclusive education has the following qualities or benefits which can be understood in detail-
1- Promoting diversity and tolerance
Inclusive education creates an environment where diversity is celebrated and embraced. By bringing together students from different backgrounds, abilities and cultures, inclusive education creates a spirit of tolerance and understanding. In an always-connected global society, these qualities are critical to building well-rounded individuals capable of navigating an increasingly diverse world.
2- Empowering students with special needs
One of the primary benefits of inclusive education is its positive impact on students with special needs. Inclusion ensures that these students receive the support and resources they need in mainstream classrooms, thereby fostering a sense of belonging. It not only enhances their academic results but also equips them with essential life skills, fostering independence and self-confidence.
3- Improving academic performance
Contrary to common misconceptions, inclusive education benefits all students, not just those with special needs. Research indicates that students in inclusive classrooms perform better academically. The diverse learning styles and approaches present in such an environment create a rich tapestry of ideas, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills among all students.
4- Development of social
Inclusive education provides a platform for students to interact with peers from different backgrounds, thereby promoting the development of important social skills. Friendships formed in inclusive environments often extend beyond the classroom, contributing to a more inclusive and understanding society in the long run.
5- Meeting ethical standards
The commitment to inclusive education is consistent with legal and ethical standards that advocate equal opportunities for all students. By following inclusive practices, educational institutions demonstrate dedication towards providing accessible and quality education to every child, while strengthening the sense of justice and fairness.
Role of teachers in inclusive education
Teachers actually play a very important role in inclusive education, which we can understand in the following way-
1) Identification of student skills
Through inclusive education, the skills of the students are identified by the teacher, after which the teacher tries to further improve those skills.
2) Appropriate student teacher ratio
If better quality education is to be provided then it is necessary that the student teacher ratio is appropriate so that education can be provided in a better way. It is decided by the teacher only what the student teacher ratio will be.
(3) Arrangement of seats in the class carefully
A teacher provides appropriate space and facilities to disabled students to sit in the class so that they can receive education in a better way. So in this way, the arrangement of seats in the class is done very carefully through the teacher, which is very important for inclusive education.
4) Development of cooperative spirit
Under inclusive education, teachers encourage students to learn everything possible through mutual cooperation so that a sense of mutual cooperation can be developed in them.
5) Teacher’s normal behavior
In inclusive education, it is necessary that the teacher should have equal treatment along with all the knowledge because in inclusive education all people are included irrespective of their background and caste, religion, economic and social status, so it is necessary that the teacher should There should be complete behavior.
6) Solve immediate problems
Students have many problems from time to time which are solved by a teacher only, so here it becomes important how the immediate problems are solved by a teacher.
7) Teacher coordination with parents and communities
In inclusive education, there is a coordination between teachers, parents and communities because it is also important to understand how students come from different backgrounds and their backgrounds so that the objectives of education can be achieved.
Basic facilities for inclusive school
Inclusive education is really very important and useful in which all the people are included and education is provided to all the people without any discrimination. Education is provided to students by schools, whether it is inclusive education, to provide inclusive education, it is necessary to have some basic facilities in the school through which we can manage inclusive education in a better way and achieve the objectives of education. Will be able to get it very easily. Some of the basic facilities for an inclusive school are as follows-
- Special school system
It is justified to arrange special schools for inclusive children because their disability is of such a level that they cannot be educated with the generally used teaching materials. For this, they require special types of teaching, training, study material and supporting equipment, which are impossible to provide in normal schools. For this, they should be provided training to do their own work well so that they can become self-reliant.
- Proper care arrangements
Physically afflicted children have to depend on others for many reasons. In this school, arrangements should be made to provide proper treatment to remove physical defects and such teachers should be trained who can take proper care of such children.
- Treatment facility
Remedial camps should be arranged from time to time in their schools for handicapped children and teachers and other students should support such children and school rules should be flexible for these children.
- Specialized Courses
Generally, the curriculum should be determined keeping in mind the needs of children with average ability. Backward children (especially children with intellectual disability) fail to complete this curriculum efficiently. Therefore, it is useful for them to decide on a simple and short curriculum which suits their individual needs, abilities and interests. Instead of making these children scholars, the aim of this curriculum should be to make them useful citizens and skilled workers and wood craft, home craft, book craft etc. should be included in their curriculum.
- Better teaching methods
Due to lack of intellectual ability or ignorance of the basic principles of the subject unit, backward children generally experience difficulty in learning through popular teaching methods, such as lecture, lecture demonstration etc. Therefore, there is a need for substantial modification in these methods for their teaching. These should be taught in simple ways with the help of concrete material and direct experiences and by dividing the subject matter into small units. Repeated repetition and practice of the units taught is also very important. Audio-visual material should be used as per requirement and they should be encouraged to learn. The use of new teaching methods like acting, project method, play method etc. has special importance in this remedial teaching for the children who are lagging behind due to emotional or other reasons.
- Arrangement of special teachers
The objective of adopting special curriculum and modified teaching methods for special children in schools can be achieved only when teachers can give effective and successful form to all these changes. Such a teacher should be more practical and experienced. He should have good knowledge of child psychology, have the ability and interest in understanding the specific shortcomings and difficulties of children and have enough patience so that he can keep himself engaged in continuously striving for success even when the children repeatedly fail. Only a skilled teacher can bring backward children, who are in great need of encouragement, praise, constant help and sympathetic behavior, on the path of progress and stability. Apart from this, it is very important in the education of backward children that the teaching method adopted should be child centric.
- Time-table
Such children are often unable to concentrate for long periods of time and feel unable to progress like normal children. Therefore, it is appropriate to decide the time table for these separately. This time table should be flexible and the periods should be short. It is possible that these children may sometimes take more time than usual to understand and learn a particular problem or may show disinterest in studying a subject within the stipulated period. Apart from this, while making the time-table, care should be taken to ensure that various extra-curricular and extra-curricular activities are given proper importance, space and time as per the needs of these children.
- Better examination system
Sometimes faulty examination system is also responsible for the backwardness of children. Such as all the question papers being completely subjective, questions being asked on the subject matter outside the syllabus in the examination, the language of the question paper being unclear, the child not getting enough time to respond, the examiners not providing the answer sheet. Being careless in the assessment of children and setting the same standards for all children etc. Psychological backwardness should be assessed on the basis of achievement of children of same age group and similar abilities and not of children of all different age groups and abilities of the class. On the basis of achievement. Therefore, the examiners should keep all these things in mind while taking the educational achievement test of backward classes, make the question papers more objective, use simple language and ask questions in the question paper from all those texts which are covered in that class. I have taught. Often, some slow learning and responding children take more time than usual to complete the question paper. Therefore, decide the time keeping in mind the speed of these children. Also, in the evaluation of these children, apart from the marks obtained, their educational and personal history, a dot graph, progress report, group graph etc. should be included.
Apart from improving the testing system and evaluation methods, to increase the achievement of backward children, the results of the examination should be declared soon and both the successful and unsuccessful children should be encouraged in some form or the other and given feedback, rewards and Inducement etc. should be used.
- Provision of guidance services
Due to not being able to choose the right subjects and other activities, many children continue to fail in that field. Therefore, provision of guidance services in schools is necessary from both remedial and preventive points of view so that children can choose various subjects, sports and other activities as per their abilities, interests, aptitudes and inclinations.
- Seek help from an experienced educational psychologist
In relation to the education of children who are backward due to psychological reasons, the services of experienced educational psychologists can also prove to be very valuable. These are helpful in making psychologists, teachers and parents aware of such facts related to the child’s personality and education which are fully or partially responsible for his backwardness. In fact, for the all-round development of inclusive children in every higher school, it seems necessary to appoint school counselors or school psychologists who can understand their shortcomings and weaknesses, resolve them and provide them proper guidance.
An ideal inclusive school is one in which equal educational opportunities are provided to all. The ideal inclusive school provides better resources for all people to learn together, providing fair opportunities for students from all backgrounds to receive an education. These schools are made ideal in such a way that they motivate other people and other schools or are ideal for them because here education is provided under the parameters of inclusive education.
Importance of ideal inclusive school
An ideal inclusive school has many importance which are as follows –
1- Appropriate facilities and environment for learning
An ideal inclusive school provides students with the best possible facilities for learning and creates a positive environment that is truly conducive to children’s learning.
2- Providing student centric education
Through an ideal inclusive school, the entire education system is student centric in which education is provided keeping in mind the interests of the students.
3- Development of cooperative spirit
Under inclusive education, students in the school are encouraged to learn everything possible through mutual cooperation so that a sense of mutual cooperation can also be developed in them.
4- Respect for individual differences
Under inclusive education, fair opportunities for education are provided to all people and education is provided to all of them without any discrimination, no matter what background or caste or religion they come from. Individual differences are respected. is done.
5- Increase in the quality of education
Through inclusive education, proper opportunities for education are provided to all people and through an ideal inclusive school, education is provided to the students with better resources, which increases the quality of education.
Role of inclusive schools in modern times
Following are the roles of inclusive schools in the modern era:
1- Discovery of needs of special children
This education of special boys and girls should be based on basic social principles. A normal child should not be considered different from an average child. They also have all the needs that other children have. Everyone should know the value of special education. Teachers should be told the methods by which they should teach. Those methods should be retested and inspected. When boys/girls do not need further special education, they should be sent to the general class. The philosophy of desegregation should be communicated to students, parents and teachers. Class size should be decided.
2- Need for special teachers
Teachers should also be given training to teach special children. Experience of teaching ordinary children is very important for a teacher of special children. A good skilled teacher does not require only training. Attention should also be paid to the fact that his personality should be good and he should be interested in special children. He should have a sympathetic approach to understand the problems of special children. Since a teacher teaches children for many years and keeps many types of children in a class, the teacher should complete an orientation course in special education.
3- Specific courses
Providing inclusive education requires specific curriculum that can be useful to all students. Since here students with different social, economic and physical and mental characteristics are provided education together, the curriculum should be designed keeping in mind the interests of all of them.
4- Appropriate physical facilities
It is very important for the students to have proper physical facilities so that the disabled students can get convenience in getting education. In this way, having proper physical facilities in an inclusive school is necessary to achieve the objectives of education.
5- Development of sociality
Through an inclusive school, education is provided to all the students together, in which students come from different backgrounds and they are encouraged to learn through collaboration with each other, as a result of which they develop a sense of mutual cooperation and sociality. Development begins.
BY: TEAM KALYAN INSTITUTE
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